College Information

Lab Detail

Sno Back Back Subject subject date title note

Back to subject

COMPUTER NETWORKS & INTERNET PROTOCOLS LAB - 23A05501P (Lab)

July 21, 2025

EX 3.Find All the IP Addresses on your network,Unicast,Multicast,and Broadcast on your network.(Old Syllabus Reference)

CSE - III (A) 21/07/2025 & CSE - III(B) not

EX 3.Find All the IP Addresses on your network,Unicast,Multicast,and Broadcast on your network.

Video Link : https://youtu.be/AVUZpTW_uhE

Install Cisco Packet Tracer software Testing Network Setup

Note:1.Small Switch connect to Devices Via Wire and Other case Wifi(802.11a to f)

🧾 IPv4 vs IPv6 Comparison Table

Feature	IPv4	IPv6
Address Size	32 bits	128 bits
Address Format	Decimal, separated by dots (`.`)	Hexadecimal, separated by colons (`:`)
Example Address	`192.168.1.1`	`2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334`
Total Addresses	~4.3 billion	340 undecillion (`2^128` ≈ 3.4×10³⁸)
Configuration	Manual, DHCP	Auto-config (SLAAC), DHCPv6
Security	Optional (IPSec is optional)	Mandatory IPSec support
Address Types	- Unicast - Broadcast - Multicast	- Unicast - Multicast - Anycast
Broadcast Support	✅ Yes (e.g., 255.255.255.255)	❌ No (Replaced by multicast & anycast)
Header Complexity	More fields, less efficient	Simplified header for fast routing
Packet Routing	Uses ARP for resolution	Uses NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol)
Fragmentation	Done by both sender & routers	Only sender can fragment
Usage	Still widely used	Adoption growing, used in modern networks

Here's a clear summary of IPv4 classification, including Class A, B, C, their ranges, default subnet masks, host calculations, and example IPs.

📘 IPv4 Address Classes

Class	Range (First Octet)	Default Subnet Mask	Network Bits	Host Bits	No. of Networks	Hosts per Network	Example IP
A	1 – 126	255.0.0.0	8	24	126 (1–126)	16,777,214	10.0.0.1
B	128 – 191	255.255.0.0	16	16	16,384	65,534	172.16.0.1
C	192 – 223	255.255.255.0	24	8	2,097,152	254	192.168.1.1
D	224 – 239 (Multicast)	N/A	-	-	Reserved for multicast	-	224.0.0.1
E	240 – 255 (Experimental)	N/A	-	-	Reserved for research	-	240.0.0.1

🧮 Quick Calculations:

Hosts per Network = 2<sup>host bits</sup> – 2
(Subtract 2 for network and broadcast addresses)

Example for Class C:

8 host bits → 2⁸ – 2 = 254 hosts

Example for Class A:

24 host bits → 2²⁴ – 2 = 16,777,214 hosts

✅ Special Notes:

127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback (localhost).
169.254.x.x is for APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing).
Common Private IP ranges:
- Class A: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
- Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
- Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

Let me know if you want the IPv6 version or CIDR notation summary next.

🧾 Updated Table: Unicast vs Broadcast vs Multicast

Type	Meaning	Destination	Example
Unicast	One-to-one	Single host	`ping 192.168.1.10`, REST API (`GET /api/data/1`)..sooo
Broadcast	One-to-all	All on subnet	ARP request, DHCP discover
Multicast	One-to-many (group)	Subscribed members	OSPF, IPTV, video conference, Django Channels group,MQTT(IOT Applications),More

Basic Switch to Node(Client or Server os or IOT Devices & Android OS Phones & Any IP Devices )

Switch>enable
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#hostname HYD-SW01
HYD-SW01(config)#
HYD-SW01#end

To verify The Current Configuration
syntax:
show vlan

HYD-SW01#show vlan

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4
                                                Fa0/5, Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8
                                                Fa0/9, Fa0/10, Fa0/11, Fa0/12
                                                Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16
                                                Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20
                                                Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23, Fa0/24
1002 fddi-default                     act/unsup 
1003 token-ring-default               act/unsup 
1004 fddinet-default                  act/unsup 
1005 trnet-default                    act/unsup 

VLAN Type  SAID       MTU   Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp  BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1    enet  100001     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0
1002 fddi  101002     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0   
1003 tr    101003     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0   
1004 fdnet 101004     1500  -      -      -        ieee -        0      0   
1005 trnet 101005     1500  -      -      -        ibm  -        0      0   

Remote SPAN VLANs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Primary Secondary Type              Ports
------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
HYD-SW01#

syntax:
show mac-address-table 

HYD-SW01#show mac-address-table 
          Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------

Vlan    Mac Address       Type        Ports
----    -----------       --------    -----

syntax:
show ip interface brief 


HYD-SW01#show ip interface brief 
Interface              IP-Address      OK? Method Status                Protocol
 
FastEthernet0/1        unassigned      YES manual up                    up
 
FastEthernet0/2        unassigned      YES manual up                    up
 
FastEthernet0/3        unassigned      YES manual up                    up
 
FastEthernet0/4        unassigned      YES manual up                    up
 
FastEthernet0/5        unassigned      YES manual up                    up
 
FastEthernet0/6        unassigned      YES manual up                    up
 
FastEthernet0/7        unassigned      YES manual up                    up
 
FastEthernet0/8        unassigned      YES manual up                    up
 
FastEthernet0/9        unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/10       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/11       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/12       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/13       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/14       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/15       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/16       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/17       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/18       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/19       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/20       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/21       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/22       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/23       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
FastEthernet0/24       unassigned      YES manual down                  down
 
Vlan1                  unassigned      YES manual administratively down down


HYD-SW01#show interface fa0/1
FastEthernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
  Hardware is Lance, address is 00d0.d341.b701 (bia 00d0.d341.b701)
 BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec,
     reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
  Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
  Keepalive set (10 sec)
  Full-duplex, 100Mb/s
  input flow-control is off, output flow-control is off
  ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
  Last input 00:00:08, output 00:00:05, output hang never
  Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
  Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
  Queueing strategy: fifo
  Output queue :0/40 (size/max)
  5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
  5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
     956 packets input, 193351 bytes, 0 no buffer
     Received 956 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
     0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
     0 watchdog, 0 multicast, 0 pause input
     0 input packets with dribble condition detected
     2357 packets output, 263570 bytes, 0 underruns
     0 output errors, 0 collisions, 10 interface resets
     0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
     0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
     0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out


HYD-SW01#show vlan

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4
                                                Fa0/5, Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8
                                                Fa0/9, Fa0/10, Fa0/11, Fa0/12
                                                Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16
                                                Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20
                                                Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23, Fa0/24
1002 fddi-default                     act/unsup 
1003 token-ring-default               act/unsup 
1004 fddinet-default                  act/unsup 
1005 trnet-default                    act/unsup 

VLAN Type  SAID       MTU   Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp  BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1    enet  100001     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0
1002 fddi  101002     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0   
1003 tr    101003     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0   
1004 fdnet 101004     1500  -      -      -        ieee -        0      0   
1005 trnet 101005     1500  -      -      -        ibm  -        0      0   

Remote SPAN VLANs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Primary Secondary Type              Ports
------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------


HYD-SW01#configure terminal

VLAN Creation:

HYD-SW01(config)#
HYD-SW01(config)#vlan 10
HYD-SW01(config-vlan)#name CSE
HYD-SW01(config-vlan)#exit
HYD-SW01(config)#vlan 20
HYD-SW01(config-vlan)#name ECE
HYD-SW01(config-vlan)#exit

Assigning membership to ports:

HYD-SW01(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/2
HYD-SW01(config-if)#switchport mode access
HYD-SW01(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
HYD-SW01(config-if)#exit
HYD-SW01(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/4
HYD-SW01(config-if)#switchport mode access 
HYD-SW01(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20

HYD-SW01(config-if)#exit
HYD-SW01(config)#exit
HYD-SW01#

verification of vlan

HYD-SW01#show vlan 

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Fa0/1, Fa0/3, Fa0/5, Fa0/6
                                                Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9, Fa0/10
                                                Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13, Fa0/14
                                                Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18
                                                Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22
                                                Fa0/23, Fa0/24
10   CSE                              active    Fa0/2
20   ECE                              active    Fa0/4
1002 fddi-default                     act/unsup 
1003 token-ring-default               act/unsup 
1004 fddinet-default                  act/unsup 
1005 trnet-default                    act/unsup 

VLAN Type  SAID       MTU   Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp  BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1    enet  100001     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0
10   enet  100010     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0
20   enet  100020     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0
1002 fddi  101002     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0   
1003 tr    101003     1500  -      -      -        -    -        0      0   
1004 fdnet 101004     1500  -      -      -        ieee -        0      0   
1005 trnet 101005     1500  -      -      -        ibm  -        0      0   

Remote SPAN VLANs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Primary Secondary Type              Ports
------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------

Report 3rd Year CSE-B

Before to Now 06-08-2025

23HN1A0579
23HN1A0556
23HN1A0583(06-08-2025)

23HN1A0572

23HN1A0580

23HN1A0566

23HN1A0561

23HN1A0576

23HN1A0559

23HN1A0562(14-08-2025) - 2copys

23HN1A0563(07/08/2025)

No submited Documents Date of Observation (08-06-2025)

23R61A0544
23R61A0530
23R61A0524

23HN1A0585
23HN1A0584

23HN1A0582
23HN1A0581

23HN1A0578
23HN1A0577
23HN1A0576
23HN1A0575
23HN1A0574
23HN1A0573

23HN1A0571
23HN1A0570
23HN1A0569
23HN1A0568
23HN1A0567

23HN1A0565
23HN1A0564

23HN1A0560

23HN1A0558
23HN1A0557
23HN1A0555
23HN1A0554
23HN1A0553
23HN1A0552
23HN1A0551

EX4&EX5

📦 Routing & Routing Table

Video Reference : https://youtu.be/T1B3E06YP40

What is Routing?

Routing is the process of selecting the best path in a network to forward data packets from source to destination.

What is a Routing Table?

A routing table stores routes (paths) to different network destinations. Each entry usually includes:

Destination Network
Subnet Mask
Next Hop / Gateway
Interface
Metric (Cost)

🔁 1. Static Routing

Manually configured by the network administrator.
Does not change unless manually updated.
Best for small, stable networks.

bash

✅ Network Design

arduino

CopyEdit

Laptop0 --- Switch0 --- Router3 --- Serial --- Router4 --- Switch1 --- Laptop1

Routers add Module Physical ->WIC-2T switch of Power on Router Then Do it

🧱 Devices Needed (Add These in Packet Tracer)

Device	Quantity	Model
Router	2	`1941` or `Generic Router`
Switch	2	`2960`
PC/Laptop	2	`Laptop` or `PC`
Cables	-	Copper straight-through (PC ↔ Switch, Switch ↔ Router), Serial DCE cable (Router ↔ Router)

🔌 Module You Need to Add to Routers

On each 1941 Router, add:

Serial Interface module:
HWIC-2T (drag it into the empty WIC slot in the back)

⚠️ Turn the router OFF before inserting the module in Packet Tracer, then turn it back ON.

🧠 IP Addressing Plan

Device/Interface	IP Address	Subnet Mask
Laptop0	`192.168.1.10`	`255.255.255.0`
Router3 Gig0/0	`192.168.1.1`	`255.255.255.0`
Router3 Serial0/0/0	`10.0.0.1`	`255.255.255.252`
Router4 Serial0/0/0	`10.0.0.2`	`255.255.255.252`
Router4 Gig0/0	`192.168.2.1`	`255.255.255.0`
Laptop1	`192.168.2.10`	`255.255.255.0`

🖥️ Laptop Configuration

Laptop0:

IP: 192.168.1.10
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Gateway: 192.168.1.1

Laptop1:

IP: 192.168.2.10
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Gateway: 192.168.2.1

Configure under Desktop > IP Configuration

📡 Router3 Configuration

bash

CopyEdit

enable 
conf t 
hostname Router3 
interface GigabitEthernet0/0 
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 
no shutdown 
interface Serial0/0/0 
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.252 
clock rate 64000 
no shutdown 
ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2 
end 
wr

📡 Router4 Configuration

bash

CopyEdit

enable 
conf t 
hostname Router4 
interface GigabitEthernet0/0 
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 
no shutdown 
interface Serial0/0/0 
ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.252 
no shutdown 
ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1 
end 
wr

🧪 Test Commands

After configuration, test:

From Laptop0:
```
 
```
bash

CopyEdit

ping 192.168.1.1 ! Router3 ping 192.168.2.1 ! Router4 ping 192.168.2.10 ! Laptop1
From Router3:
```
 
```
bash

CopyEdit

ping 10.0.0.2 ! Router4 serial

✅ Done! You should now have a fully working 2-router network.

Let me know if you'd like the .pkt file or want to expand this design to include dynamic routing or VLANs.

🔄 2. Dynamic Routing

Automatically updates routes based on network changes.
Uses routing protocols to exchange route information.

🌐 Classification of Routing Protocols

📍 IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)

Used within a single organization or autonomous system (AS).

Types:

Category	Protocols	Description
Distance Vector (DV)	RIP, IGRP	Shares routing tables periodically.
Advanced DV	EIGRP (Cisco proprietary)	Uses metrics + Diffusing Update Algorithm.
Link-State	OSPF, IS-IS	Builds full map of network using LSAs.

🚀 EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)

Used between different organizations (between ASes).

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the only widely used EGP.
BGP is path vector-based, and used on the internet for inter-AS routing.

bash

CopyEdit

# BGP Example: router bgp 65001 neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65002

⚙️ Summary Table

Protocol	Type	Algorithm	Use Case
RIP	IGP, DV	Bellman-Ford	Small networks
IGRP	IGP, DV	Cisco proprietary	Legacy Cisco networks
EIGRP	IGP, Adv. DV	DUAL	Efficient Cisco routing
OSPF	IGP, Link-State	Dijkstra (SPF)	Large enterprise networks
IS-IS	IGP, Link-State	Dijkstra (SPF)	ISP and backbone networks
BGP	EGP, Path Vector	Custom	Internet-level routing

CSE-B Completed And Subimited

23HN1A0574(07-08-2025)

23HN1A0576

22HN1A0559

23HN1A0572(18/07/2025)

23HN1A0562(14-08-2025)

23HN1A0563(14/08/2025)