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COMPUTER NETWORKS & INTERNET PROTOCOLS LAB - 23A05501P (Lab) |
July 21, 2025 |
EX 3.Find All the IP Addresses on your network,Unicast,Multicast,and Broadcast on your network.(Old Syllabus Reference) |
CSE - III (A) 21/07/2025 & CSE - III(B) not
EX 3.Find All the IP Addresses on your network,Unicast,Multicast,and Broadcast on your network.
Video Link : https://youtu.be/AVUZpTW_uhE
Install Cisco Packet Tracer software Testing Network Setup
Note:1.Small Switch connect to Devices Via Wire and Other case Wifi(802.11a to f)
🧾 IPv4 vs IPv6 Comparison Table
| Feature |
IPv4 |
IPv6 |
| Address Size |
32 bits |
128 bits |
| Address Format |
Decimal, separated by dots (.) |
Hexadecimal, separated by colons (:) |
| Example Address |
192.168.1.1 |
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 |
| Total Addresses |
~4.3 billion |
340 undecillion (2^128 ≈ 3.4×10³⁸) |
| Configuration |
Manual, DHCP |
Auto-config (SLAAC), DHCPv6 |
| Security |
Optional (IPSec is optional) |
Mandatory IPSec support |
| Address Types |
- Unicast
- Broadcast
- Multicast |
- Unicast
- Multicast
- Anycast |
| Broadcast Support |
✅ Yes (e.g., 255.255.255.255) |
❌ No (Replaced by multicast & anycast) |
| Header Complexity |
More fields, less efficient |
Simplified header for fast routing |
| Packet Routing |
Uses ARP for resolution |
Uses NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) |
| Fragmentation |
Done by both sender & routers |
Only sender can fragment |
| Usage |
Still widely used |
Adoption growing, used in modern networks |
Here's a clear summary of IPv4 classification, including Class A, B, C, their ranges, default subnet masks, host calculations, and example IPs.
📘 IPv4 Address Classes
| Class |
Range (First Octet) |
Default Subnet Mask |
Network Bits |
Host Bits |
No. of Networks |
Hosts per Network |
Example IP |
| A |
1 – 126 |
255.0.0.0 |
8 |
24 |
126 (1–126) |
16,777,214 |
10.0.0.1 |
| B |
128 – 191 |
255.255.0.0 |
16 |
16 |
16,384 |
65,534 |
172.16.0.1 |
| C |
192 – 223 |
255.255.255.0 |
24 |
8 |
2,097,152 |
254 |
192.168.1.1 |
| D |
224 – 239 (Multicast) |
N/A |
- |
- |
Reserved for multicast |
- |
224.0.0.1 |
| E |
240 – 255 (Experimental) |
N/A |
- |
- |
Reserved for research |
- |
240.0.0.1 |
🧮 Quick Calculations:
Example for Class C:
Example for Class A:
✅ Special Notes:
-
127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback (localhost).
-
169.254.x.x is for APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing).
-
Common Private IP ranges:
-
Class A: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
-
Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
-
Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
Let me know if you want the IPv6 version or CIDR notation summary next.
🧾 Updated Table: Unicast vs Broadcast vs Multicast
| Type |
Meaning |
Destination |
Example |
| Unicast |
One-to-one |
Single host |
ping 192.168.1.10, REST API (GET /api/data/1)..sooo |
| Broadcast |
One-to-all |
All on subnet |
ARP request, DHCP discover |
| Multicast |
One-to-many (group) |
Subscribed members |
OSPF, IPTV, video conference, Django Channels group,MQTT(IOT Applications),More |
Basic Switch to Node(Client or Server os or IOT Devices & Android OS Phones & Any IP Devices )
Switch>enable
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(config)#hostname HYD-SW01
HYD-SW01(config)#
HYD-SW01#end
To verify The Current Configuration
syntax:
show vlan
HYD-SW01#show vlan
VLAN Name Status Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4
Fa0/5, Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8
Fa0/9, Fa0/10, Fa0/11, Fa0/12
Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16
Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20
Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23, Fa0/24
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 token-ring-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trnet-default act/unsup
VLAN Type SAID MTU Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1002 fddi 101002 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1003 tr 101003 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1004 fdnet 101004 1500 - - - ieee - 0 0
1005 trnet 101005 1500 - - - ibm - 0 0
Remote SPAN VLANs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primary Secondary Type Ports
------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
HYD-SW01#
syntax:
show mac-address-table
HYD-SW01#show mac-address-table
Mac Address Table
-------------------------------------------
Vlan Mac Address Type Ports
---- ----------- -------- -----
syntax:
show ip interface brief
HYD-SW01#show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/2 unassigned YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/3 unassigned YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/4 unassigned YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/5 unassigned YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/6 unassigned YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/7 unassigned YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/8 unassigned YES manual up up
FastEthernet0/9 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/10 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/11 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/12 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/13 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/14 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/15 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/16 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/17 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/18 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/19 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/20 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/21 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/22 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/23 unassigned YES manual down down
FastEthernet0/24 unassigned YES manual down down
Vlan1 unassigned YES manual administratively down down
HYD-SW01#show interface fa0/1
FastEthernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is Lance, address is 00d0.d341.b701 (bia 00d0.d341.b701)
BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
Full-duplex, 100Mb/s
input flow-control is off, output flow-control is off
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:08, output 00:00:05, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue :0/40 (size/max)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
956 packets input, 193351 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 956 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 watchdog, 0 multicast, 0 pause input
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
2357 packets output, 263570 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 10 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
HYD-SW01#show vlan
VLAN Name Status Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4
Fa0/5, Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8
Fa0/9, Fa0/10, Fa0/11, Fa0/12
Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16
Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20
Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23, Fa0/24
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 token-ring-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trnet-default act/unsup
VLAN Type SAID MTU Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1002 fddi 101002 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1003 tr 101003 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1004 fdnet 101004 1500 - - - ieee - 0 0
1005 trnet 101005 1500 - - - ibm - 0 0
Remote SPAN VLANs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primary Secondary Type Ports
------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
HYD-SW01#configure terminal
VLAN Creation:
HYD-SW01(config)#
HYD-SW01(config)#vlan 10
HYD-SW01(config-vlan)#name CSE
HYD-SW01(config-vlan)#exit
HYD-SW01(config)#vlan 20
HYD-SW01(config-vlan)#name ECE
HYD-SW01(config-vlan)#exit
Assigning membership to ports:
HYD-SW01(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/2
HYD-SW01(config-if)#switchport mode access
HYD-SW01(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10
HYD-SW01(config-if)#exit
HYD-SW01(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/4
HYD-SW01(config-if)#switchport mode access
HYD-SW01(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20
HYD-SW01(config-if)#exit
HYD-SW01(config)#exit
HYD-SW01#
verification of vlan
HYD-SW01#show vlan
VLAN Name Status Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/3, Fa0/5, Fa0/6
Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9, Fa0/10
Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13, Fa0/14
Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18
Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22
Fa0/23, Fa0/24
10 CSE active Fa0/2
20 ECE active Fa0/4
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 token-ring-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trnet-default act/unsup
VLAN Type SAID MTU Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 0 0
10 enet 100010 1500 - - - - - 0 0
20 enet 100020 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1002 fddi 101002 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1003 tr 101003 1500 - - - - - 0 0
1004 fdnet 101004 1500 - - - ieee - 0 0
1005 trnet 101005 1500 - - - ibm - 0 0
Remote SPAN VLANs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primary Secondary Type Ports
------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
Report 3rd Year CSE-B
Before to Now 06-08-2025
23HN1A0579
23HN1A0556
23HN1A0583(06-08-2025)
23HN1A0572
23HN1A0580
23HN1A0566
23HN1A0561
23HN1A0576
23HN1A0559
23HN1A0562(14-08-2025) - 2copys
23HN1A0563(07/08/2025)
No submited Documents Date of Observation (08-06-2025)
23R61A0544
23R61A0530
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23HN1A0585
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EX4&EX5
📦 Routing & Routing Table
Video Reference : https://youtu.be/T1B3E06YP40
What is Routing?
Routing is the process of selecting the best path in a network to forward data packets from source to destination.
What is a Routing Table?
A routing table stores routes (paths) to different network destinations. Each entry usually includes:
-
Destination Network
-
Subnet Mask
-
Next Hop / Gateway
-
Interface
-
Metric (Cost)
🔁 1. Static Routing
-
Manually configured by the network administrator.
-
Does not change unless manually updated.
-
Best for small, stable networks.
bash
✅ Network Design
arduino
CopyEdit
Laptop0 --- Switch0 --- Router3 --- Serial --- Router4 --- Switch1 --- Laptop1
Routers add Module Physical ->WIC-2T switch of Power on Router Then Do it
🧱 Devices Needed (Add These in Packet Tracer)
| Device |
Quantity |
Model |
| Router |
2 |
1941 or Generic Router |
| Switch |
2 |
2960 |
| PC/Laptop |
2 |
Laptop or PC |
| Cables |
- |
Copper straight-through (PC ↔ Switch, Switch ↔ Router), Serial DCE cable (Router ↔ Router) |
🔌 Module You Need to Add to Routers
On each 1941 Router, add:
⚠️ Turn the router OFF before inserting the module in Packet Tracer, then turn it back ON.
🧠 IP Addressing Plan
| Device/Interface |
IP Address |
Subnet Mask |
| Laptop0 |
192.168.1.10 |
255.255.255.0 |
| Router3 Gig0/0 |
192.168.1.1 |
255.255.255.0 |
| Router3 Serial0/0/0 |
10.0.0.1 |
255.255.255.252 |
| Router4 Serial0/0/0 |
10.0.0.2 |
255.255.255.252 |
| Router4 Gig0/0 |
192.168.2.1 |
255.255.255.0 |
| Laptop1 |
192.168.2.10 |
255.255.255.0 |
🖥️ Laptop Configuration
Laptop0:
Laptop1:
Configure under Desktop > IP Configuration
📡 Router3 Configuration
bash
CopyEdit
enable
conf t
hostname Router3
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
interface Serial0/0/0
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.252
clock rate 64000
no shutdown
ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
end
wr
📡 Router4 Configuration
bash
CopyEdit
enable
conf t
hostname Router4
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
interface Serial0/0/0
ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.252
no shutdown
ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
end
wr
🧪 Test Commands
After configuration, test:
-
From Laptop0:
bash
CopyEdit
ping 192.168.1.1 ! Router3 ping 192.168.2.1 ! Router4 ping 192.168.2.10 ! Laptop1
-
From Router3:
bash
CopyEdit
ping 10.0.0.2 ! Router4 serial
✅ Done! You should now have a fully working 2-router network.
Let me know if you'd like the .pkt file or want to expand this design to include dynamic routing or VLANs.
🔄 2. Dynamic Routing
🌐 Classification of Routing Protocols
📍 IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)
Used within a single organization or autonomous system (AS).
Types:
| Category |
Protocols |
Description |
| Distance Vector (DV) |
RIP, IGRP |
Shares routing tables periodically. |
| Advanced DV |
EIGRP (Cisco proprietary) |
Uses metrics + Diffusing Update Algorithm. |
| Link-State |
OSPF, IS-IS |
Builds full map of network using LSAs. |
🚀 EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)
Used between different organizations (between ASes).
-
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the only widely used EGP.
-
BGP is path vector-based, and used on the internet for inter-AS routing.
bash
CopyEdit
# BGP Example: router bgp 65001 neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65002
⚙️ Summary Table
| Protocol |
Type |
Algorithm |
Use Case |
| RIP |
IGP, DV |
Bellman-Ford |
Small networks |
| IGRP |
IGP, DV |
Cisco proprietary |
Legacy Cisco networks |
| EIGRP |
IGP, Adv. DV |
DUAL |
Efficient Cisco routing |
| OSPF |
IGP, Link-State |
Dijkstra (SPF) |
Large enterprise networks |
| IS-IS |
IGP, Link-State |
Dijkstra (SPF) |
ISP and backbone networks |
| BGP |
EGP, Path Vector |
Custom |
Internet-level routing |
CSE-B Completed And Subimited
23HN1A0574(07-08-2025)
23HN1A0576
22HN1A0559
23HN1A0572(18/07/2025)
23HN1A0562(14-08-2025)
23HN1A0563(14/08/2025)
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